1382
Wycliffe's Bible translated into English
John Wycliffe and his followers completed the first full translation of the Vulgate Bible into Middle English, placing scripture in the hands of literate laypeople for the first time. The Church condemned it as heresy; Wycliffe's Lollards copied it by hand in secret. The act of translation itself was revolutionary.
Tokhtamysh sacks Moscow
The Genghisid khan of the Golden Horde, having defeated Mamai with Timur's help, came west to remind Russia who its master was. Moscow's wooden walls were burned, its inhabitants slaughtered in the thousands. Dmitry Donskoi fled. Russian tribute payments to the Horde resumed for another century, even as the rot within the Horde steadily deepened.
Burji Mamluk dynasty seizes power in Cairo
Barquq, a Circassian slave-soldier, overthrew the last Bahri sultan and established the Burji Mamluk line that would rule Egypt and Syria for 135 years. The transfer was less a revolution than a palace coup - one slave caste replacing another - but it shifted power from Turkic to Circassian hands and reshaped court culture.
Harihara II builds Virupaksha Temple complex
At Vijayanagara on the Tungabhadra, the king enlarged the ancient Virupaksha shrine with gopuram gateway towers and pillared mandapas that stretched along the riverside. The architectural idiom blended Pallava, Chalukya, and Hoysala precedents into a style that would define South Indian temple building for the next four hundred years.
Battle of Roosebeke crushes Ghent rebels
Philippe van Artevelde led the Flemish weavers against a French royal army on a foggy hillside in West Flanders. Charles VI's chivalry rolled over the rebels in a brutal envelopment. Van Artevelde was found dead in a mud pit. Flemish autonomy from French royal taxation took a generation to recover.