1479
Ferdinand Inherits Aragon
On his father Juan II's death, Ferdinand added Aragon, Catalonia, and Valencia to the Castilian crown he shared with Isabella. Spain as a single monarchy existed now, though the kingdoms retained separate laws, parliaments, and currencies. The administrative muddle would endure for two and a half centuries. The union was purely dynastic; Aragonese institutions resisted Castilian centralization for two and a half centuries.
Treaty of Constantinople Ends Ottoman-Venetian War
Venice ceded Negroponte, paid a heavy war indemnity, and accepted an annual tribute for trading privileges in Ottoman ports. In return it kept its Adriatic and Aegean holdings. The Serenissima had, for the first time, acknowledged that a land power could out-resource it. The treaty held, barely, for sixteen years.
Ottoman Treaty with Venice
Venice signed a treaty with Mehmed II ending their sixteen-year war. Venice lost Negroponte and several Aegean islands, paid a large indemnity, and accepted annual tribute. In return, Venetian merchants received trading privileges throughout the Ottoman Empire. The Serenissima had bought its survival with hard cash and strategic concessions. The treaty established a pattern of alternating war and trade that shaped eastern Mediterranean politics for two centuries.
Peace of Constantinople
Venice and the Ottoman Empire signed their peace treaty in Constantinople, ending sixteen years of war. Venice kept its commercial rights but paid tribute. The treaty formalized a new Mediterranean reality: the Ottomans were now its dominant naval power, and Italian city-states would trade, not rule, in its waters. Venetian merchants traded freely throughout Ottoman territories in exchange for annual tribute, formalizing commercial interdependence.