1481
Mehmed II Dies
The fifty-year-old sultan, preparing another major campaign possibly against Rhodes or Egypt, died in his camp in Anatolia of unclear causes, perhaps poisoning by Venetian agents. His death triggered civil war between his sons Bayezid II and Cem. Italy exhaled. Otranto's Ottoman garrison, abandoned, would soon surrender. The succession struggle was exploited by Europeans for decades, with the losing prince Cem held hostage at the papal court.
Tomas de Torquemada Appointed Grand Inquisitor
The Dominican friar who had been Isabella's confessor took formal command of the Spanish Inquisition and turned it into an instrument of terrifying efficiency. Under his direction the court developed its procedures, torture manuals, and autos-da-fe. Over twelve years, perhaps two thousand people would be burned under his supervision. His systematic use of secret denunciation and confiscation of property created pervasive fear that fundamentally altered Spanish social life.
Bayezid II Becomes Ottoman Sultan
Mehmed II's elder son defeated his brother Cem in a brief civil war and took the throne. Where his father had been a warrior-conqueror, Bayezid was a pious patron of poets and theologians. The Ottoman Empire consolidated, welcomed Iberian Jewish refugees, and quietly mapped its next century of expansion under eastern Mediterranean politics.
Ottomans Abandon Otranto
Following Mehmed II's death and the civil war between his sons, the Ottoman garrison at Otranto was recalled. Italian and Spanish forces retook the town after a brief siege. The scare of 1480 had convinced European rulers that they needed better coastal defenses, and the fortification of the Italian coastline began in earnest.