1523
Zwingli Reforms Zurich
In Zurich, the priest Huldrych Zwingli convinced the town council to strip images from the churches, abolish the Mass, and clerical celibacy. Sausages were eaten publicly during Lent in deliberate provocation. A distinctively Swiss branch of Protestantism, more radical than Luther's, was forming beside the Limmat. His disagreement with Luther over the Eucharist prevented a united Protestant front and split the Reformation into competing camps.
Portuguese Expelled from Guangzhou
After years of unruly behavior, Portuguese traders were expelled from the Chinese port of Guangzhou following a clash with Ming officials. They retreated to offshore islands and illicit harbors. It would take another thirty years before Portugal could negotiate the permanent enclave at Macao. The expulsion illustrated the gap between Portuguese expectations of free trade at gunpoint and Ming China's tributary system.
Sweden Elects Gustav Vasa
A young nobleman named Gustav Eriksson, who had escaped captivity in Denmark disguised as a peasant, was crowned King of Sweden at Strangnas. He dissolved the Kalmar Union, broke with Rome, and founded a dynasty that would produce warrior-kings and remake northern Europe. His seizure of Church property anticipated Henry VIII's dissolution of the monasteries, establishing Protestant state-building through ecclesiastical confiscation.
Rhodes Garrison Sails for Malta
After the surrender of Rhodes, the Knights of Saint John sailed away in their galleys, carrying the wounded, the sick, and their archives. They spent years as refugees in Italy before Charles V granted them Malta. Their reputation for martial discipline, and their grudge against the Ottomans, traveled with them.