1604
Hampton Court Conference
James I summoned bishops and Puritan divines to Hampton Court to debate reform of the Church of England. He rejected most Puritan demands but agreed, almost in passing, to commission a new English translation of the Bible. That offhand concession would produce the King James Version, the most influential work of English prose ever written by committee.
Kepler's Supernova
A new star brighter than Jupiter blazed into the constellation Ophiuchus and remained visible to the naked eye for eighteen months. Johannes Kepler, observing from Prague, wrote a treatise proving the changeable heavens Aristotle had denied. Seventeenth-century Europe's last naked-eye supernova had arrived on schedule, offering a luminous rebuke to the ancient doctrine of celestial permanence.
Treaty of London Ends Anglo-Spanish War
English and Spanish diplomats meeting at Somerset House ended nineteen years of inconclusive war. England abandoned its support for Dutch rebels; Spain stopped trying to restore Catholicism by armada. The peace freed English merchants to prey on Spanish America only semi-officially, which many of them promptly did, blurring the line between licensed trade and outright piracy for decades.
French East India Company Attempted
Henry IV of France chartered the Compagnie des Indes Orientales, hoping to break the Dutch and Portuguese chokehold on the spice trade. The venture was underfunded, cursed by internal squabbling, and collapsed within years. France would need another six decades and Colbert's iron hand before it could plant a lasting flag in the Indian Ocean.