1632
Taj Mahal Begun
On a platform beside the Yamuna at Agra, twenty thousand workers began laying the foundations of a white marble mausoleum for Mumtaz Mahal. Calligraphers, lapidaries, and gem-cutters were summoned from Persia, Central Asia, and Europe. The project would consume Shah Jahan's treasury and twenty-two years of labor, producing a building that travelers would call the most beautiful on earth.
Galileo Publishes Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems
Galileo printed in Florence a lively Italian dialogue staging a debate between a Copernican and a Ptolemaic, with a slow-witted Aristotelian named Simplicio voicing the pope's own views. The book was a bestseller and a scandal. Within months, the sixty-eight-year-old astronomer was summoned to Rome to answer for a provocation the Vatican could neither forgive nor safely ignore.
Russians Found Yakutsk
Cossack fur hunters working their way east along Siberian rivers established a fortified outpost called Yakutsk on the frozen Lena, deep in the territory of the Sakha. Within twenty years, Russian traders would reach the Pacific. The vast imperial geography of Asia was being drawn with crossbows and muskets, and the largest land empire in history was taking shape.
Battle of Lutzen
In a foggy field south of Leipzig, Gustavus Adolphus led a desperate cavalry charge and disappeared. His body was found stripped and muddied after the battle; the Swedes won but their king was dead at thirty-seven. Protestant Europe had lost its champion; the war ground on without its brightest mind.