1941
Operation Barbarossa
Three million German soldiers crossed the Soviet border on a twelve-hundred-mile front in the largest invasion in human history. Stalin refused to believe it for days. Within months Panzer columns were approaching Moscow, and the war on the Eastern Front had begun, the slaughterhouse that would consume twenty-seven million Soviet lives.
Pearl Harbor
At dawn on a Sunday, three hundred fifty Japanese carrier aircraft struck the American Pacific Fleet at anchor in Hawaii. Battleships burned and capsized; twenty-four hundred sailors died. The next day a grim President Roosevelt asked Congress for war. Within four days Germany had declared war on America. The conflict was now truly global.
Japan strikes across the Pacific
Within hours of Pearl Harbor, Japanese forces attacked the Philippines, Malaya, Hong Kong, Guam, and Wake Island in a sweeping offensive across the western Pacific. Within weeks Singapore, the impregnable fortress, had fallen in the worst British military defeat in history. European colonial empires in Asia were collapsing before their subjects' eyes and would not be rebuilt.
Singapore campaign begins
As news of Pearl Harbor reached Malaya, Japanese forces landed on the Malay coast and began the fastest conquest in modern military history. Within ten weeks they had taken the whole peninsula and forced the surrender of Britain's Far East fortress at Singapore with eighty thousand prisoners. Churchill called it the worst disaster in British military history.
Roosevelt's Day of Infamy speech
The day after Pearl Harbor, Franklin Roosevelt asked a joint session of Congress to declare war on Japan, calling December seventh a date which will live in infamy. Only one member of Congress voted no. Within four days Germany and Italy had declared war on the United States. The American century was formally joined.
Atlantic Charter issued
Meeting secretly aboard warships in Newfoundland's Placentia Bay, Roosevelt and Churchill issued a joint declaration of war aims: no territorial aggrandizement, self-determination, free trade, freedom from fear and want. America was not yet in the war, but it had already sketched the peace. The United Nations would grow from the document.
Bismarck sunk
The pride of the German navy, the battleship Bismarck, broke out into the Atlantic, sank HMS Hood in minutes, and was hunted down by the entire British fleet. A single lucky torpedo jammed her rudder. The next morning she was pounded to a burning hulk and scuttled. Fifteen hundred German sailors died. The U-boats would now carry the fight alone.